Adolescent Years Essay

A child’s body begins a period of rapid change in size and shape approximately around the age of 10 years in girls and 12 years in boys. This is called the â€Å"adolescent growth spurt. † During the next four years, an average girl may grow 10 inches taller and gain 40 to 50 pounds. An average boy may grow 12 inches taller and gain 50 to 60 pounds. At the same time, their body shape begins to change, too. The nutritional requirements of young people are influenced primarily by the spurt of growth that occurs at puberty. The peak of growth is generally between 11 and 15 years for girls and 13 and 16 years for boys. The nutrient needs of individual teenagers differ greatly, and food intake can vary enormously from day to day, so that those with deficient or excessive intakes on one day may well compensate on the next. In this period of life, several nutrients are at greater deficiency risk including iron and calcium. Iron Among adolescents, iron-deficiency anemia is one of the most common diet-related deficiency diseases. Adolescents are particularly susceptible to iron deficiency anaemia in view of their increased blood volume and muscle mass during growth and development. This raises the need of iron for building up hemoglobin, the red pigment in blood that carries oxygen, and for the related protein myoglobin, in muscle. The increase in lean body mass (LBM), composed mainly of muscle, is more important in adolescent boys than in girls. In preadolescent years, LBM is about the same for both sexes. Once adolescence starts, however, the boy undergoes a more rapid accumulation of LBM for each additional kilogram of body weight gained during growth, ending up with a final LBM maximum value double that of the girl. The iron needs of adolescents are relatively high; this is because iron is needed to replace the blood lost during menstruation in girls and to support the growth of muscle mass in boys. The RDA for iron for boys is 11 mg/day, while the RDA for girls is 15 mg/day. If energy intake is adequate and adolescents consume food sources of heme iron such as lean meat/fish/poultry each day, they should be able to meet the RDA for iron. All these factors should be taken into account when assessing iron needs in this group of age. One of the most important diet considerations during adolescence is an increase in the intake of iron-rich foods such as lean meats and fish as well as beans, dark green vegetables, nuts and iron-fortified cereals and other grains. Iron from animal foods is much better absorbed than iron from non-animal sources. Adolescents following vegetarian diets are therefore at an increased risk of iron-deficiency. However, vitamin C (e. g. from citrus fruits) and animal proteins (meat & fish) assist in the absorption of heme iron. Calcium The skeleton accounts for at least 99% of the body stores of calcium and the gain in skeletal weight are most rapid during the adolescent growth spurt. About 45% of the adult skeletal mass is formed during adolescence, although its growth continues well beyond the adolescent period and into the third decade. All the calcium for the growth of the skeleton must be derived from the diet. The largest gains are made in early adolescence, between about 10-14 years in girls and 12-16 years in boys. The AI for calcium from age 9 through adolescence is 1,300 mg/day. This amount of calcium can be difficult for many adolescents to consume because the quality of foods they select is often less than optimal to meet their nutrient needs. However, this level of calcium intake is easily achieved by eating at least 3 servings of dairy foods or calcium-fortified products daily. The achievement of peak bone mass during childhood and adolescence is crucial to reduce the risk of osteoporosis in later years. By eating several servings of dairy products, such as milk, yogurt and cheese, the recommended calcium intake can be achieved. As well as a good dietary supply of calcium, other vitamins or minerals, like vitamin D and phosphorous, are needed for building up bones. Physical activity is also essential, particularly weight-bearing exercise, which provides the stimulus to build and retain bone in the body. Activities such as cycling, gymnastics, skating, ball games, dancing and supervised weight training for at least 30-60 minutes a day, three to five times a week can help build bone mass and density. Making the right dietary and lifestyle choices early in life will help young people develop health-promoting behaviors’ that they can follow throughout life. Encouraging Healthy Foods Dietary habits that affect food preferences, energy consumption and nutrient intakes, are generally developed in early childhood and particularly during adolescence. The home and school environments play a major role in determining a child’s attitude to, and consumption of individual foods. Teenagers, as well as being exposed to periodic food fads and slimming trends, tend to skip meals and develop irregular eating habits. One of the most frequently missed meals is breakfast. Studies show that breakfast plays an important role in providing needed energy and nutrients after an overnight fast and can aid in concentration and performance at school. Snacks generally form an integral part of meal patterns for both children and teenagers. Younger children cannot eat large quantities at one sitting and often get hungry long before the next regular mealtime. Mid-morning and mid-afternoon snacks can help to meet energy needs throughout the day. Fast-growing and active teenagers often have substantial energy and nutrition needs and the teaching of food and nutrition in the school curricula will enable children to have the knowledge to make informed choices about the foods in their regular meals and snacks. Energy Needs Normally, the energy requirements of adolescents tend to parallel their growth rate, and individuals meet their energy needs by means of their appetite with adequate precision. As a result, the majority of adolescents maintain energy balance, and a varied food intake provides sufficient nutrients to ensure optimal growth and development. Stress and emotional upsets however can seriously affect the energy balance in adolescents, resulting in the consumption of too little or too much food. Mild or severe infections, nervousness, menstrual, dental or skin problems (acne) can result in alterations of appetite, and those adolescents on marginal diets are the most vulnerable. Emotional stress is often associated with food faddism and slimming trends, both of which can lead to eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa. On the other hand, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is now a major nutritional problem and the condition is likely to persist into adulthood. Developing adolescents are particularly concerned about their body image and excessive weight can have profound effects on their emotional well being as well as on their physical health. The cause of obesity is multifactorial and socio-economic, biochemical, genetic, and psychological factors all closely interact. Lack of activity plays an important role in the development, progression and perpetuation of obesity in adolescence. Surveys of young people have found that the majority is largely inactive and health professionals and governments are now encouraging higher levels of physical activity among children and adolescents. Physical inactivity does not only have a prime role in the development of overweight and obesity, but also on the development of chronic diseases such as heart disease, certain cancers, diabetes, hypertension, bowel problems and osteoporosis in later life. In addition, physical activity is related to improvements in body flexibility, balance, agility and co-ordination and strengthening of bones. The current recommendation is for children to try to be physically active for at least 60 minutes daily. The adolescent growth spurt requires many different nutrients. Calcium is especially important for bone growth and health because 45% of the bone an adult has is built up during adolescence. Although some teenagers become concerned that they are not changing as rapidly as their friends or other classmates in school, there is wide variation in the age at which the adolescent growth spurts starts. It is generally more dependent on the hereditary characteristics than on being a certain age. It is important to emphasize that changes in body size and shape are part of normal adolescent development. Females gain proportionally more body fat during this time, while males gain proportionally more muscle and bone mass. One of the changes taking place during adolescence is the varying hormonal levels in the body. These hormones are responsible for the changes seen in the physical development of the body and secondary characteristics such as facial hair growth and deepening voices. For most micronutrients, recommendations are the same as for adults. Exceptions are made for certain minerals needed for bone growth (calcium and phosphorus). Dieting is not appropriate at this stage of life, it is important for teens to stick to a healthy diet and get lots of physical activity. A healthy diet consists of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, lean proteins, low-fat dairy products, beans, lentils and healthy fats from olive oil, avocado, nuts and fish. It is also important for teens to stay hydrated and drink water throughout the day. The following menu provides approximately 2,500 calories and is broken down into three meals and two snacks. Since you don’t have control over how many calories your teen eats, here are some ways you can encourage them to eat healthy. Encourage them to eat snacks between meals and to try not to go over 4 hours without eating. This will help keep their energy up and help them to stay focused in school. Encourage them to include a fruit or vegetable with every meal and snack. This will help to ensure they are eating adequate vitamins, minerals and fiber. Breakfast Breakfast should include 2 servings of fruit, 1 serving of protein and 3 servings of whole grains. An example meal is 1/2 cup of berries, 6 oz. range juice, 1 whole grain bagel and 2 tbsp. peanut butter Mid-morning Snack A mid-morning snack should include1 dairy or dairy substitute serving, 2 whole grains and 1 fruit. An example snack is string cheese, 8 whole grain crackers and ? cup of grapes. Lunch Lunch should include 2 servings of vegetables, 3 whole grains, 3 servings of protein and 2 servings of dairy or dairy substitute. An example meal is a turkey sandwich with 2 slices of whole grain bread, 3 oz. of turkey, 2 slices of cheese, 10 whole grain pretzel sticks, ? cup baby carrots. Bring a separate bag of veggies like tomatoes and lettuce to add to the sandwich. Mid-afternoon Snack A mid-afternoon snack should include 1 whole grain, 1 protein and 1 fruit. An example snack is to make trail mix and mix together ? cup whole grain cereal and 1/4 cup nuts and dried fruit. Dinner Dinner should include 3 servings of vegetables, 4 whole grains, 3 servings of protein, and 1 serving of low-fat dairy or dairy substitute. An example meal is 1. 5 cups of whole grain pasta topped with ? cup tomato-based pasta sauce; 1 slice of garlic toast; 3 oz. of chicken breast; 1 cup salad topped with carrots, tomatoes, cucumbers and olives; 1 tbsp. salad dressing; and 1 cup of skim or 1-percent milk.

Education Girls

High bride price and low intellectual capabilities Girls are a source of instant wealth, therefore, are retained at home for bride price. Research confirms that parents value most of their young girls like gold, coffee and other commodities to be traded at the immediate market value. They are only few and scarce that their value has soared recently. This is even worse around Ialibu area and some parts of Central Province. Some young girls can cost around K20 000. Women are used as the medium to achieve human prosperity.They facilitate for the channelling of wealth like pigs, shell money, pearls, food, modern money and other goods from one person or tribe to another. Poor families with many girls have the fate of becoming rich one day from the wealth that the girl would acquire through bride price payment. Thus, girls are reserved for marriage by their siblings. Some parents question the females’ intellectual capabilities and say they will not perform as well as the male studen ts.They say that males are naturally intelligent and can solicit solutions for academic problems quite easily than females. In the cultural arena, opinions and advice from women are not entertained by men in all forms of decision making. All decisions are based entirely on the men’s instincts as to what they think is right. Women are merely seen as trailers or followers. Investment in girls’ education lost to husbands at marriage Some parents say that their investment in their girls’ education will be lost to the girl’s husband at marriage.In the parochial cultural system, most parents’ fear that their resources spent on their daughter’s education will be shifted to the husband at marriage as she will be subject to the husband. The woman is equivalent to any asset the man may have, with no human value. Her value and worth is measured by the number of pigs she rears and the number of children she bears. There is no guarantee for her to go bac k and share the benefits of her education with her parents. Therefore, parents restrict their girls from attending school as their investment will be wasted.Moreover, parents do all the arrangements for their daughters’ marriage and this could happen while the girl is still at school. They can withdraw their daughter from school at any time, sometimes, without her knowledge. Whether or not the girl is doing well academically, she has to comply as it is embedded in the cultural and tribal jurisdictions and she will be coerced to marry. Girls, as pillars of local economy Girls are the backbone of the local economy. Therefore, parents retain them at home. Culturally, some societies perceive women as a utility asset to undertake all household chores.They fear that educated women will not listen to the dictates of men. They view education as an instrument that alienates women from their environment and makes them less submissive to the dictates of men. The continuation of men hold ing high positions in the traditional hierarchy is fading away as monetary value and those who work for money become more important because they gain respect in the society, irrespective of whether they are men or women. Men’s continuation of dominance in the society is facing a new threat by educated girls.Girls must be stopped from going to school and the existing cultural phenomena are potentially capable of barring girls from going to schools. Distance and tribal fights Parents fear for their girls’ safety and stop them from walking long distances to schools when there is a tribal fight. Most tribal fights are caused by land disputes, rape and payback killings and are fought on all frontiers without any truce to limit and control the scope of fighting. In such conditions, girls become vulnerable to being abused and injured when walking long distances to schools as some of the schools are situated in enemy territory.Walking through valleys, climbing gorges and mount ains, crossing fast flowing rivers or walking along bush tracks to reach their schools places them at the mercy of enemy clans. The only alternative is to leave school because their continued safety is not guaranteed. There is dire need for awareness to be carried out on the importance of equality and participation in education. Various stakeholders must fund a continuous intensive awareness program until people are fully aware on what to do to eradicate under-representation of girls in schools.Moreover, the educated elites must inform their parents not to stop girls from going to school. Parents must be told that girls are not commodities to be traded as currently, this is what is happening. Faith-based organisations should be supported to carry out awareness through their services and activities so that their congregations are informed of the disadvantages of denying girls their rights to education. Finally, it is everyone’s responsibility to carry out awareness by asking, pleading and informing parents to send their girls to school.There is a general perception in India that women in tribal societies face fewer restrictions than other women. For example, the National Commission for Women was set up by an Act of Parliament in 1990 to safeguard the rights and legal entitlements of women, through Sarva Sikshya Aviyan, up gradation of Primary Schools under SSA, New Residential Girl's High Schools/Educational Complexes, and Teaching in Tribal Language, Bicycles of ST Girls, and Scholarships to tribal women and Micro Projects etc.These reviews are the regions which raised the question to further study on this matter: A seminar on the tribal education in India (1967) organized by National Council of Educational Research and Training analysed the various aspects of tribal education like the educational facilities available, coverage, wastage and stagnation, basic problems of tribal education methods and voluntary agencies in the education of tribal people an d utilization of financial assistance.The Seminar made recommendations regarding aims, objectives and policy of tribal education, teacher's qualification, and medium of instruction, school facilities, text books and curriculum etc Educational attainment is a key component of children’s success as adults in multiple spheres – including the labor market and later childrearing. A child’s educational attainment is strongly influenced by characteristics of his/her parents, such as their own educational attainments, economic resources, and expectations.Attitudes and preferences regarding children’s educational attainment are important determinants of parents’ childrearing behavior. While much demographic research has focused on fertility preferences such as desired number of sons and daughters, less work has addressed â€Å"quality† preferences for boys and girls once they are born A range of basic socio-demographic factors shape parents’ a ttitudes toward the education of boys and girls in developing settings, including parents’ education, wealth, age, urban experience, and their own parents’ education.School attendance is likely to decrease children’s availability to contribute to family enterprises, potentially creating a serious tension, especially for families that could benefit from the short-run income provided by working children or that could suffer from the direct costs of educating children (Tan 1983; Chekki 1974). In environments where males have more job opportunities and higher wages, an attitude favoring higher levels of education for boys than to girls could reflect parental strategies regarding investments in the future.If so, parents with lower levels of economic security may express attitudes favoring more education for boys than girls, or less certainty regarding these attitudes. Increasingly, however, expansions of the industrial and service sectors replace household and farm l abor with paid wage labor for women and men. Accompanying these changes are increased access to educational opportunity, decreases in desired family sizes, and the promotion of more egalitarian views toward raising boys and girls.Ideas of investing in the â€Å"ideal† child spread, and childrearing is viewed as a rewarding and fulfilling undertaking in and of itself rather than as an economic investment or an inevitability. Together, these changes might influence parents’ attitudes toward the educational worth of boys and girls. CHILDREN’S EDUCATION IN SOUTH ASIA In South Asia, however, economics and modernization alone do not capture the full dynamic of parents’ attitudes toward children’s education.With South Asia’s primarily agrarian and patriarchal systems, these attitudes also reflect gender roles created by family structure, including the different nature of sons’ and daughters’ ties to natal family. The region’s p atrilineal and patrilocal kinship systems generate differential standards and expectations for girls and boys. Traditionally, a girl leaves her family upon marriage to join her husband’s family, and so her worth as a child is primarily in her labor contribution to the household (Das Gupta, Zhenghua, Bohua, Zhenming, Chung, and Hwa-Ok 2003).As an adult, her worth is as a source of children and labor for her husband and his family. In India, this trend is particularly true in the North, where women’s autonomy is more constrained, than in the South, where women have more freedom to maintain ties to their birth families (Das Gupta et al 2003). In Punjab, Pakistan, the most populous province of Pakistan, the situation mirrors aspects of both north and south India. As in north India, women in Punjab have limited inheritance rights, little access to economic resources, and few opportunities to work (Sathar and Kazi 2000).But as in south India, kin marriage and close natal fam ily ties ensure that women are not cut off from their birth families to the same extent as in north India (Jejeebhoy and Sathar 2001). Along with region, religion further influences gender roles as Muslim marriage patterns in north India and Pakistan are less alienating from natal kin than Hindu marriages (Mandelbaum 1986). In relation to women, men in South Asia are relatively freer to pursue employment and benefit their families as adults. In this analysis of parents’ attitudes toward boys’ and girls’ educational attainment, autonomy, natal family ties, and religion are all considered.

Identity theft Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Identity theft - Research Paper Example This begins with understanding the various reasons why this problem remains relatively under-appreciated and what drives some people to engage in this sort of activity. At the same time that internet criminals are becoming ever more sophisticated in their means of making money from their activities, the general consumer public remains relatively unaware of the dangers. Everyone has heard of the identity theft and many have been victims of it, but few are willing to take the steps necessary to protect themselves against it. Despite the increasing numbers of online shoppers and the relative ease shoppers encounter as they enter an online retailer site, there are several negative factors not directly related to the consumer that nevertheless affect consumer behavior when determining whether to make an online purchase. One of the primary dangers being confronted is the issue of identity theft and information mining being conducted on reputable as well as questionable sites (Wolfinbarger & Gilly, 2003). Until these issues had received some attention, buyers were recommended to make online purchases using more traditional modes of payment rather than through credit cards or online bank transfers. In more recent years, however, numerous security sites and software has been developed designed to assist retail clients build consumer confidence in making the more convenient credit card purchases over the internet, displaying small padlocks as a sign of trust or requiring specific security codes prior to accepti ng a payment through shopping cart technology (Wolfinbarger & Gilly, 2003). While it has become infinitely safer to make purchases online, shoppers are still cautioned to use care when entering personal information and in choosing retailers. Despite the relative ease shoppers encounter as they enter an online retailer site, there are several negative factors that must be weighed before an actual purchase is made. As is reported by Steven Chucala

Expansionary Economic Policy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Expansionary Economic Policy - Research Paper Example They also contrast with the opinions held by many economists that exist within the boundaries of convectional models. Mainstream economics relies on basic theories regarding policies aimed at expanding the economy despite the downturn. There is a unanimous agreement that the continuation of the spending and tax policies may result in an unsustainable path reflecting national debt. This is mostly due to the growth of mandates that emanate from the aging population and the high costs of health care provision. Therefore, this paper examines the evidence and logic bearing on the worth of the fiscal policy in economies severely depressed. During normal economic times, the central banks offset and disregard the effects of the fiscal policy. In turn, this keeps the policy-relevant multiplier at a constant near zero. This leaves no room for expansionary fiscal policies as a tool for the stabilization policy. But, when constraining the interest rates by the zero nominal lower bound, the discr etionary fiscal policy comes into action as a vital stabilization policy technique (Jane & Thomas, 2013). Fiscal policy is the application of taxation and government spending to influence the economy. Fiscal and monetary policies are the two major and commonly used tools available to the policy makers so as to alter output, employment and demand. When the supply of money in an economy is constant, the government expenditures have to receive financing through government spending and borrowing or imposing higher taxes. In this regard, the fiscal policy involves the government’s utilization of spending, taxing as well as borrowing policies. The government’s budget deficit comes forth in the evaluation of the direction that the policy takes. The core economic impact of any changes in the budget affects particular groups of people for instance a tax cut for homes and families that have children raises their disposable income. Therefore, the fiscal policy discussions primari ly focus on the effects of changes experienced in the financial plan on the overall financial system. This fiscal policy takes into proper use tools such as taxation, borrowing funds from populations that live abroad, consuming fiscal reserves, selling fixed assets such as land, and seigniorage that defines the benefits accrued from printing money. The Federal Reserve System acts in accordance with satisfying its public role as an independent body within the arms of the government. It is not a private and neither is a profit making institution. The Federal Reserve acts as the central bank and takes authority from the Congress in the United States to conduct business. This part of the government holds a lot of responsibilities and this means that it is an indispensable factor in the implementation of the fiscal policy. The Federal Reserve felt that it need by a large percentage to control government spending by paying close attention to locally produced goods and services. It was cos ting the government a fortune to depend solely on imported goods that come out of foreign countries and this lowered the amount of money that circulates within the U.S. This measure also meant that the government would think about trading with the foreign investors with the capacity to bring in international funds to the local companies where the local dollar becomes stronger. Controlling government expend

Define the factors that affect patient wound healing Essay

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Software Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Software Engineering - Essay Example Software requirements, 2. Software design, 3.Software construction, 4. Software testing, 5. Software maintenance, 6. Software configuration and management, 7. Software engineering management, 8. Software engineering process, 9. Software engineering tools and methods, 10. Software quality, and 11. Knowledge areas of related disciplines (Computer Engineering, Computer Science, Management, Mathematics, Project Management, Quality Management, Software Ergonomics, and Systems Engineering) (SWEBOK, 2004 p. 1-2). Software engineers, therefore, must be proficient with the latter knowledge areas to handle every software engineering projects properly, successfully and efficiently. The software engineering project being studied at hand is the Chat Application. According to the given case, the status of which is that there is an unexpected disappearing messages that caused the team one extra week to debug. Further, the Director for Software Services has the following comments, impressions and questions: 1. She is not pleased with the delay, 2. She comes to one of the status meetings to find out what happened, 3. She states, Your team has been testing this application for weeks and didnt find any problems, 4. She asked, Why didnt you find the problem sooner?, and 5. She also asked, Is there any way we can kept this from happening again? As a member of the team, she wants you to discuss the following: 1. Your opinion on testing, 2. Whether an application that passes testing is free from errors, 3. Whether it is possible to design a test that will find all potential errors in the Chat Application, 4. What other techniques or strategies can developers use in conjunction with testing. Software testing consists of the dynamic verification of the behavior of a program on a finite set of test cases, suitably selected from the usually infinite executions domain, against the expected behavior.†(SWEBOK, 2004 p. 5-1) Based on the above authoritative

Wireless Security Best Practices Guide for Business Essay

Wireless Security Best Practices Guide for Business - Essay Example Every company in today’s world is run on wireless network technology. Local Area Networks, generally called LANs, are privately-owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources and exchange information. Deploying wireless LAN or wireless network is something like a pilot without instructions to fly an aircraft. One will probably get off the ground; the next thing is probably a matter of chance, someone is likely to get hurt. As it is defined in RFC 2196, the IETS’s site Security Handbook, a security policy is a formal set of rules through which people who are given access to organization’s technology and information assets must abide to. There are many kinds of security policies such as Password Policies, Remote Access Policies, Mobile Device Policies, Vulnerability Assessment Policies, Acceptable Use policies and Wireless Communication Policies. The assets protected by each one of the policies are different but, they all share common agenda. The security policy has the following important specifications to follow for the best benefit. Devices such as notebooks, handhelds, portables, personal digital assistants, smart phones, etc. which are issued by the Information Technology Department should be permitted to get access to the company internal network through wireless technology. Devices should be checked to have pre-configured with necessary operating system and security software which provides an encrypted tunnel (virtual private network) for network traffic; encrypts device hard drives; screens and removes virus and other malware; supports extended user authentication dialog; supports remote file backups; updates software when the software resident on the device is out of date; prevents

The Management and Operation of Food Services Essay

The Management and Operation of Food Services - Essay Example As tourists become more mobile, so does the food they eat. Food, culinary styles and the increasing differentiation of dishes and cuisines in tourism destinations have developed. Global drinks and foods are emerging, such as Coca-Cola and McDonald's, and local and regional food is thriving, and new 'fusion foods' are also being created to feed the 'global soul' (Iyer 2000). Tourists themselves are contributing to gastronomic mobility, by creating a demand in their own countries for foods they have encountered abroad. Gastronomy has developed considerably through the years. Gastronomy is not only extremely difficult to define, but the term, just like 'culture', has become more heavily laden over time. As Scarpato shows, the original definition of gastronomy has broadened in recent years. The Encyclopdia Britannica (2000) defines gastronomy as: 'the art of selecting, preparing, serving, and enjoying fine food'. Gastronomy was for the nobility, but over time the concept included the 'peasant food' typical of regional and local cuisine. The serving and consumption of food has become a global industry, of which tourism is an important part. Mass tourist resorts can often be divided spatially on the basis of cuisine. One can spot English tourists in English pubs, German tourists in the Bierkeller. Some tourists still engage in the habit of taking their own food with them on holiday.Food is a means of forging and supporting identities, principally because what we eat and the way we eat are such basic a spects of our culture. Given the strong relationship between food and identity, it is not surprising that food becomes an important place marker in tourism promotion. One of the basic reasons for this is the strong relationship between certain localities and certain types of food. As Hughes (1995:114) points out there is a 'notion of a natural relationship between a region's land, its climatic conditions and the character of food it produces. It is this geographical diversity which provides for the regional distinctiveness in culinary traditions and the evolution of a characteristic heritage.' This link between location and gastronomy has been used in a number of ways in tourism, including promotional efforts based on distinctive or 'typical' regional or national foods.In a gastronomic landscape, the forces of globalization and localization are both exerting pressures on our eating habits. The rise of fast food has come to characterize the globalization of culture and economy encaps ulated in the term 'McDonaldization' (Ritzer 1993). McDonald's franchises more than 25,000 outlets in 120 countries worldwide. The Big Mac has become a culinary product that it is used to measure the purchasing power parity of national currencies (Ong 1997). The cultural capital that we develop on holiday regarding foreign food is utilized in our leisure time to develop our identity. The fact that many people seek the comfort of the familiar on holiday is one factor that helps to support the spread of global foods. At the same time, however, there is a countervailing force towards more localization in what Castells call the 'space of places' - the local environments in which the bulk of the world's population live their everyday lives. A resurgence of the local is also being stimulated by growing

Teaching ESL Students Essay Example for Free

Teaching ESL Students Essay In the summer of 2008 I worked in a private college for girls in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. ( Due to the college’s policy, I was asked not to reveal the name of the college). This College offers continuing education and extension courses to meet the needs of women in the community for professional development and personal enrichment programs. In summer it offers a 4 week Intensive English Language Program. I was asked to teach two levels; level one and level three. In my level one class, I had a total of 9 students, and they were all Saudi’s: four of them were 15 years old, 2 of them where 11 years old, 2 were 13 years old, and one of them was 24 years old. All of them came from Saudi government schools. I met with them 5 days a week for 2 hours. The books used for the course was interchange level 1. However I also used Word by Word Picture Dictionary. Reading, writing, grammar, listening, speaking, and vocabulary were skills I taught in the program. Puzzle Area Generally, as an ESL teacher, I never use Arabic in class in order to expose students to the new language. However, I very quickly realized that the students were not responding well to my use of English only. I could see that the students felt insecure and confused. Even the simplest question â€Å"What’s your name? † was answered with head nodding or a crooked smile. So I used the Tarzan method, â€Å"I AM JANE†, but it was not effective. This response was a sign to change my method. I remembered the days in Pakistan as a child I tried to fit in while my classmates spoke Urdu and I felt like an alien lost and confused listening to gibberish from my perspective or rather trying to solve secret codes and guess what is being said. My focus automatically shifted not to learn the words but to try and understand body language. And this is what I saw in my students’ eyes i. e. they lost track of words and focused on my facial expressions and body language to try and understand what was going on. The look on their faces always seemed to say â€Å"What an earth is she saying † Thus, I puzzled over how I could best meet the needs of these very low level learners and whether or not I should use Arabic in class or not. Exploring the Puzzle Area I decided to experiment with using Arabic minimally to encourage learning English and to especially create a comfortable atmosphere for the beginners to express themselves. For instance when I introduced the vocabulary words, I allowed them to use Arabic. It was more or less a co-operative learning strategy. I gave them the word and defined it in English and some students said it out loud in Arabic helping each other understand the new words fully. Moreover, I felt the need to use Arabic myself when it came to teaching abstract vocabulary because I wanted to ensure induced errors would be avoided. I would ask my students to tell me what the word means in Arabic. Saying the word in Arabic myself was my last resort for I did it to spot check on the students and to further avoid their frustration. In grammar it was a different issue. I decided not to use Arabic, but eventually I realized it was big mistake and a waste of time. Explaining the grammar rules only in English was causing lots of problems with understanding the lesson, due to the low level of my students. I repeated the lesson many times speaking slowly with the simplest words believing that they at least understood something from the lesson. But my efforts were in vain because once I asked the class to start practicing the exercises orally, no one responded. Whereas when I used a bit of Arabic as well as English in the same lesson, it was more effective. For example, Arabic generally follows the verb- subject structure. In English, however, the general structure is subject-verb-object. So pinpointing such basic factors and presenting model sentences in both languages clarified their misuse of a simple sentence in English. Thus, the passivity in the beginning changed; the students suddenly got interested and active, and started to work in groups to combine many sentences on their own. I realized that using L1 for beginners was beneficial grammar because students could understand grammatical structures and practice their application gradually as their level improves. Teaching reading was basically an individual effort that depended on the students’ efforts. To improve their reading skills they were asked to read aloud simple passages to improve their reading and pronunciation of words. However, for critical thinking skills, I asked them to silently read paragraphs and then asked questions about the part they read to check their perception and understanding of the topic. In reading, I allowed them to use Arabic to express their thoughts about a topic, because if I depended on English alone the class would be unresponsive. Gradually, in two weeks time the class began to open up and feel comfortable with using English in their responses. For example, in a reading lesson after silently reading the passage, one of the students knew she understood the topic but admitted that she was shy and afraid to answer the questions in English. This phobia is a general problem in Saudi students especially beginners. There is a fear of being wrong or feeling embarrassed. So, the fact that she was allowed to start in Arabic and include some English was a comforting experience. A student for instance would respond with broken sentences: â€Å"exercise it about exercise†¦ † and form discussions with their classmates in Arabic and ask the teacher for the correct form of answering, mimic it, and in turn learn it. Hence, they initially began with participating in L1 but grew to use L2 too after a while. The most difficult part of L2 learning that many beginners face is writing. In the first writing class I started with the basics, such as brainstorming then classifying their ideas. The problem that arose was the students’ limited vocabulary. They were able to participate using L1 and began asking the words meanings and jotting them down. It was not an effective process because the class turned out to be a vocabulary lesson. So I had to change plans. The next class I assigned them to read short paragraphs and focus on the structure, sentence order, words meanings and punctuation. Then in class we worked on a similar paragraph but with mistakes and edited it together. The students enjoyed this activity and used L1 to tell me the mistakes and why it is wrong. Gradually, I encouraged them to copy the forms they took but with a different topic. For example, they took a paragraph about fishing, and I asked them to write about swimming. The students copied the exact paragraph with a few changes. They got to learn a lot gradually when they wrote a paragraph on their own. L1 was used minimally just as a comfort zone for discussing topics and explaining rules, and they did learn the basics of writing in L2 at the end. Students don’t ask each other about particular words and structures and get it much easier. In upper-intermediate group we talk in English and that’s not a problem we don’t have to explain vocabulary or grammar in Arabic. So it’s the matter of the language advancement in English. This way of teaching is much more efficient. Conclusion Whether to use native language when teaching ESL students is a matter of constant debate and when choosing education method the teacher should consider students’ background, their primary knowledge and their abilities to learning. It is known that the more differences between languages the most difficulties students are faced with. The same situation is observed with Arabic and English as languages are completely different. Nevertheless, from the very beginning I was against using Arabic in teaching English as, in such a way, I hoped to achieve the higher level of commitment and I expected students to learn faster. But education process showed that it is normal to use Arabic when teaching students with low level of English because many students simply didn’t respond to my speech and efforts to explain some rules. I see students were confused as they couldn’t understand what I expected from them. The method to focus on facial expression, not on learning words failed as well. When I decided to use Arabic minimally I saw that such encouragement appeared to be more effective in creating more comfortable atmosphere for students to express their ideas. Therefore-, I concluded that co-operative learning strategy is the best method of learning beginners. Native language can be used when explaining abstract vocabulary, explaining new grammar and ensuring that all rules are understandable.

Discussion on the importance of classroom management

Discussion on the importance of classroom management The main question that goes through every teacher after each of his or her lesson would certainly be, Have I done my job effectively? Normally, I can tell whether a lesson has gone well or the opposite. As much as I love sharing knowledge with my students, my experience of merely two years of college teaching has taught myself that it must go hand-in-hand with good management of my classroom. Good classroom management translates into effective teaching which promotes healthy teaching and learning environment. This, in turn, will facilitate both students and teacher in achieving the main principle of learning. Although classroom management would generally be imperative to teachers, a research by Fowler Ã…Å ¾araplÄÂ ± (2010) found that it is also important to students. Therefore it is a significant skill that teachers should acquire (Stoughton, 2007). Classroom management is important primarily in achieving optimal learning. Current teaching practices are more student-oriented where in due course the students will get the most out of the teaching and learning process. This is accomplished by creating a positive learning environment for the students. Students learn best when they are comfortable with their surroundings especially through the building of strong student-teacher relationship. In an article by Marzano Marzano (2003), they highlighted the finding of their study which indicates that the teachers who had a good relationship with their students had 31 percent fewer discipline problems, rule violations and related problems over a years time compared to those who didnt. This provides evidence that strong student-teacher bonding helps the teacher in dealing with problems and misbehaviour among students. By building a strong relationship with students, the positive learning environment has taken place and so the teachers can expect active participation in class. The last thing a teacher would want is when he or she is hoping for a response from the students, but didnt receive any. I found it very useful to remember the names of each of my students and I would try my best to identify each of them by the end of first month class meeting. I discovered that it is an excellent way in obtaining students involvement in class. In a way, I wanted to show that they are of significant individuals to me and also there is no favouritism in my class where the teacher will only remember two or three names of selected few. The students will usually be more proactive to give their thoughts and feedbacks during and after lessons. Subsequently, I will know how effective my teaching has been and how effective the learning has taken place. Students and teacher can be thought of as a team where teamwork and cooperation plays a vital role in achieving team goals. This cooperation can be obtained with the teachers good management skills in the classroom. The teacher will need the support from his or her students in order to deliver lesson on his or her best effort. Therefore, students cooperation in avoiding any misconduct during lessons is much needed by the teacher. Of course the teacher should be firm in handling these kinds of behaviour, but prevention is better than cure. I would try as much as possible to avoid using anger as a counter measure because it will end up straining the relationship built with the students. Ultimately to steer clear of the situation, I know that it is best to tell the students first hand of what I deem is acceptable and what is not. In addition to helping the teacher doing his or her job effectively, students cooperation developed through classroom management can also mould students into young citizens. Metzger (2000) suggests that in a democratic society, the teacher can use classroom management strategies to define the students as good citizens in the near future. This can be done by bringing up the concept of power sharing. The students will be given responsibilities on their own behaviour and making their own decisions, not just following orders. This will also benefit the teachers in a sense that they will feel less pressured because of the constant need of monitoring the students. In fact, they can have the opportunity to really work together with their students. Adequate preparations and properly lay out plans of conducting lessons is also a form of classroom management that is important in designing a positive classroom climate. A positive classroom climate is another key benefit of true classroom management. Checking the overall condition of the classroom before meeting the students is very important to make sure that the facilities provided can be used as effective teaching aids. The teacher can also anticipate potential problems that may occur during lessons due to uncomfortable settings in the classroom. Instead of just cancelling class and replacing them, the teacher can plan ahead what could be done or has a backup plan in case something didnt go as initially planned. This will greatly improve the teachers teaching in the future and gaining experience in managing future classes. Finally, classroom management is also a good way to get off to a right start with students. First day of class is the best time to communicate rules and procedures, explaining the syllabus and expectations. Some teachers will also begin the first day of class with ice-breakers or fun activities so that the students feel excited and will look forward to attending future meetings. It also creates opportunity for the teacher and students to get to know each other better which will help in building quality student-teacher relationship. Last semester I did an activity which benefited my students and myself, which is identifying what type of learning styles we have. It helped me to tailor fit my teaching approach to suit particular group of students and also helped the students to focus more on their strong points. Conclusively, classroom management is important because it is one of the aspects of effective teaching. Effective teaching will take place when a positive learning environment has been created. Of course this relies on a good bond between the students and the teacher which can be built with a proper management of the first day of class. By clearly stating the rules and teachers expectations of the students, the teacher will find no problem in obtaining students engagement in class. Proper classroom management is of great importance to the students, as it is for the teachers. At the end of the day, hopefully after successfully implementing classroom management strategies, the teacher can safely say, Yes, I have done my job effectively.

Disadvantages Of Traditional Media Tools Marketing Essay

Disadvantages Of Traditional Media Tools Marketing Essay Since television has born, it has already become the most useful media tools among others over many years. Most of the convention company thinks that featuring a television advertising campaign may reflect their companys brand or status at a prestige level. The Advantages Television advertisement is a tool that provides high frequency potential where in a day a single advertisement can reach millions of viewers instantly. This is because television is the highest reach of other kinds of media since each house own a television. Furthermore, television also offers advertisers the most extensive coverage compare to other media. The Disadvantages Television advertisement may be a good tool to reach millions of people but the cost for an advertisement is high. High cost probably comes from the production cost because commercials usually need more time, idea and resources to produce it. Therefore, creating a commercial is expensive. 1.0.2 Radio Radio is not as effective as television and it is more difficult to attract more potential consumers because mostly people only focus on listening to the music rather than advertisement. Meanwhile, the most effective way to transmit the message from an advertisement is when a driver stuck in the middle of the traffic. At the same time, many smaller local companies use radio advertising because the cost of creating a radio advertisement are less costly compare to television. The Advantages Mostly radio advertisers help the listener to store the message easily. Method such as repeating the advertisement can successfully helps the listener to remember it. From time to time, the more the listener stay on the radio, the message will goes deeply into the person mindset and soon from short-term to become long-term memory. Adding sound effect in the advertisement may effectively help consumers to well so every time they heard the sound they may recall back to the advertisement. The Disadvantages Radio advertisements have few chances to reach national audience because there is only a short exposure time of transmitting the message. Usually an advertisement is about 15 to 30 seconds. Most of the times listener involved in other activities such as working, paying attention on driving or just using radio as a restaurant or shops background music to provide their customers a nice and comfortable environment. Therefore, most of them will not pay much attention or skip the advertisement part. 1.0.3 Outdoor Advertising Commonly some companies will use billboards to advertise along the side of the highway in Malaysia. Other than that, banners outside a restaurant, on public transportation and even hanging on the pillars under the flyover also an example of outdoor advertising. The Advantages An outdoor advertisement is an effective way to transmit message towards large group of people. For local companies, these advertisement is an efficient way to transmit the message to their local target because usually local audience able to see them everywhere. The location of setting up these advertisements will affect the outcome such as placing nearby a restaurant, inside cities area, hanging on tall buildings, railway station and amusement park. The Disadvantages The major drawback of an outdoor advertising is short exposure of time. When the advertisement is set by the road side, drivers may only have a quick look on it. They cannot get the full message from the advertisement unless they stop their car. 1.0.4 Magazines In old days, advertise in magazines is also a best way to transmit information towards target audience. Advertise in different magazine allow to target to different consumers according to demographic and lifestyles. The Advantages Magazines advertisements often provide high-quality color on the pictures. Colors and images can attract attention because mostly people love to look at colorful things instead all with words. Besides that, the main function of magazines is to allow readers to read it during leisure time. With viewing colors and images, it can benefit in relaxing themselves like reducing stress after a working day yet they may have longer time to go through with advertisement. The Disadvantages Due to high-quality color in every magazine, the cost of production and printing is way higher compare to newspaper. Therefore, the magazine advertisement prices are also expensive because advertiser needs to generate more idea and time to advertise it in different magazine and different target. If some advertisement target to two consumer, it may effectively target to children in child magazines but if the same idea advertise in adult magazine, the outcome will be different and thats why advertiser need to create another advertisement to focus on their parents. 1.0.5 Newspapers Newspaper has been centuries as a role of transmitting local, nation and global news to the public. Newspaper is a best tool to advertise because the price greatly cheaper compare to others and it is distributed on daily basis. The Advantages Local sellers rely heavily on newspaper advertisement because this is the only tool that targets more on locals. The key factor that advertises in newspaper is that you can list our all your information like promoting sales, business retail hours, and physical store location in a single page yet the price is cheaper than magazine. The Disadvantages Newspapers advertisement also have a shorten lifespan like as outdoor advertising. Normally a person will set the newspaper aside once they finish reading it. Normally a person will not re-read second time on any information unless the object or article able to attract the reader. Therefore, pass by advertisement will remain unnoticeable if it fails to attract the reader. 1.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Traditional Media Tools 1.1.1 E-Mail Newsletters E-mail newsletters can be an excellent way to build brand awareness to the public. Newsletters can be subscribed in some branded company web site. The newsletter must be in a form of addressing offers value to the subscribers. Besides that, some company will corporate together so they can share the newsletter by adding in their own advertisement together with their partners advertisement. The Advantages E-mail newsletter is near instant delivery compare to printing newspaper and magazine. The company can share and send the e-mail to their customers at any time they want. Meanwhile, the company may also send the newsletter to multiple customers just in few clicks time. Hence, recipient can forward the news easily to their friends and family if the offer given by the company is beneficial. The Disadvantages The actual deliverability to the recipients can be low due to SPAM filters or e-mail address changes. Nowadays, there are many potential hackers in the web. To prevent and protect customers privacy, many e-mail browsers using advance filter technology to filter incoming message. So whenever the mail browsers detect something suspicious inside the newsletter, it will automatically direct it into the junk box. 1.1.2 Blogs Some company use web logs to promote their products. A blog advertise can be effective when spreading positive work-of-mouth communications. Meanwhile, using a blog is easier to check the companys news or process and the content mostly will be updated regularly compare to a weekly or monthly e-mail newsletters. The Advantages Company blogs provide an easy access to company news. By doing so, they encourage their customers to view their blogs frequently because some company will regularly update their latest product, upcoming events and latest promotions. Hence, a company that shows their latest detail will gain loyalty from existing customers. The Disadvantages When a blog that dealing with transaction, small local business company may face difficulties with it. If the company is branded, customers will spend more time on the blogs page to browse what they looking for and they can make payment securely because usually well-know company allow people to feel more reliable and secure. In other words, when a small local business company with a least well-know brand, customers confidence level towards the company will not as much as branded company. 1.1.3 Online Advertising Since 1990s, online advertising have increased steadily. Due to the power of internet, marketers think that online advertising is the newest and highly effective method to reach consumers. Types of online advertising are popup, web banner, media feed or video advertisement. The Advantages Online advertising can allow advertisers to reach significantly more people than traditional advertising media in a shorter time. Advertisement can be more targeted than some traditional media because there are variety of people with different age, race and culture surfing the web daily. The Disadvantages Heavy online advertising will cause web users to slowly immune to advertisement. When user are immune to advertisement, the number of people who respond to advertisement will steadily decrease and those advertisements will become not important to everyone anymore. 1.1.4 Online Social Networks Recent years, online social networks have become extremely popular among people. Some company will use social networking site to communicate with consumers. The most well-known social networking site is Facebook, MySpace, Google+ and Twitter. Instead of communicate with consumers, companies also making product and event announcement. The Advantages Since the network is unlimited, advertising in social networking sites are great for attracting more customers. When a customer is connected to your company, your company profile and information will spread among their family and friends too. The speed on spreading news in social sites is getting faster so the network can soon grow wider and even more when the advertisement has successfully build awareness in public. The Disadvantages Despite of building brand awareness, social sites are not that effective because it need to depend on how a user remembers a company brand. When your company brand is not as famous in the market, people will not aware of your product. Meanwhile, brand awareness is usually created from big advertisement on TV, banners, billboards, newspapers, magazines and other repeated advertisement tools. However, social sites may attack from bad comment when a product dissatisfied the customers and since everyone able to comment on something easily. So, this may pull down the companys image easily. 1.1.5 Couponing Coupon can be found in newspaper, magazines, or online advertisement. At most company will encourage consumer to cut or print out these entire coupon and collect for certain amount so that you can redeem the offer. Some companies like McDonald will request consumers to print out the coupon from their webpage so they can enjoy the rebate. The Advantages Heavy Couponing user will save up their monthly expenses effectively. When a smart spender collected lots of coupon, they may get the amount of offer goods in lower price. During the period of collecting coupons, collectors may request their friends and family together for help out in collecting it. By doing so, the promotion news will spread to others by word-of-mouth. The Disadvantages Some people will feel embarrassing due to self-respect. They might feel that why I need to spend time to collect the entire coupon and use it to save just a few ringgit which they may afford to pay. It is wasting time to collect it and sometimes some coupon occurs in magazines so consumer will need to purchase the magazine every week to collect it. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Different_types_of_non_traditional_market 1.2 Promotional Mixes Used by Proton Company Advertisement is important to every company. Effectively using advertisement will not just creating awareness to the public but also potentially increase market sales. The Proton Company is using this method to gain profit and increase market share. The company has used five ways to advertise their product such as television, banner, newspaper, social media networks and sales promotion. First of all, many company still believing advertise in television is the most successful way to reach the audience. Since every household own a television, the percentage of people watching television everyday will remain at an upper rate. Proton normally advertises their product during some peak hours like during 6p.m. to 10p.m. Every family will start to watch television during that period because everyone already back to house from working and having dinner with families. By that time, each of them may come across with the advertisement. Protons even pick some festive seasons to promote their product like the recent Chinese New Year. Proton has purposely create a commercial for celebrating Chinese New Year by showing a German engineer driving the Proton Preve safely back to his wifes hometown. Secondly, Proton is also heavily using banner to advertise. By placing banner in certain heavy traffic, cities such as Kuala Lumpur and even fly over in highways. Catching eye banner normally the best way to transmit message into viewer mind even there is only a short time exposure. The best banner that Proton has created is advising drivers to drive safely on the road. Once the driver read the message, the next day when they pass by again they will check which company is concerning the public safety. By doing so, Proton has already create a brand awareness to the public. Thirdly, in knowing most of the consumers will be reading newspaper in the morning or anytime in a day. Protons advertisement sometime will be seen in a newspaper. They usually will used up whole page to advertise their product or service. Normally they will not choose front or second page but they will choose middle part of the newspaper so that can easily capture the readers mind with colors and pictures after reading tones of words in the previous page. Besides that, Proton also advertises their service center location so readers may find their service center easily. By grabbing the golden opportunity of using web in this 21st century, advertise in social media networks is as simple as effective. The large audience in the web has brought Proton to find more potential customers to promote their services and products. Simple steps like sharing in Facebook, Twitter and Youtube will efficiently transmit all the information to its audience. No matter they accept it or not, once they view the message already transmit into their mind. Proton owns a Facebook and Youtube page. On Facebook page, they often use to upload recent promotions photos and reply consumers comment. While on Youtube channel, they are posting their products commercial or videos during their recent event. Lastly, sales promotion is a value adding activities designed to boost short term sales and usually include point of sales activities such as in-store and event displays, product trial and distributing leaflets in public. Before launching the new Proton Preve, the company has organized a huge event named Power of 1 at Stadium Bukit Jalil Kuala Lumpur. The purpose of creating that event is to raise the awareness of their Proton brand and to show the public how well their product perform, demonstration is provided on the spot. At the same time, the Preve also shown up but is covering up by stripe form cover so that can maintain at a mysterious stage. Every time after the launch of their products, they will conduct a road show too by issuing brochure to allow consumer to know more about the product. Therefore based on all of these promotion strategies from Proton, the chances to convince a viewer to buy the product is largely depend on the buyer expectation on the product, level of brand loyalty or brands reputation and how great is the quality of the product. Even though sometimes it might not convince a viewer but at least theyre aware of your brand, product and services. So when times goes on follow by the enhancement of a company product, the chances to convince a buyer will also increase. In conclusion, Proton Company should continue to advertise their upcoming product so it may show the growth and improvement of the company. With these reason, the chances of people to buy their product is higher. 1.3 Effectiveness of Advertisement There are two concepts that ensure the times of advertise to reach target audience is the effective reach and effective frequency. Effective reach is the percentage of an audience that must be exposed to a particular message to achieve a specific objective. While the effective frequency refers to the number of times a target audience must be exposed to a message to achieve a particular objective. (Clow, 2011) Effective frequency and effective reach are crucial as when too few exposures will cause the advertiser fail to gain its intended objectives. Whereas if too much exposures will occur in the way of wasting resources. The most effective in advertising is achieving the intended objective successfully without experiencing wastage or marginal return from extra advertisement. Effective reach can be used under situation like a company wants to increase brand recognition. Then the advertisers will emphasis on the visual presentation on the product or the company logo. In this way may allow a person to recognize easily on the brand name together with the companys logo. The main objective of using this method is to nearer a gap in a persons knowledge with the brands. Therefore, if an advertiser wants to increase reach then they have to advertise to a large group of target audience and keep mentioning the brands name and logo as a selling point. Media tools that can cause this happen effectively are by advertising in television, outdoor advertising, magazines, internet, and direct mail. On the other hand, the objective of effective frequency is to increase brand recall. Usually repetition in advertising method is needed so that consumer can remember well of the brand in their mind or memory. Besides that, repetition can increase the times that particular brands will automatically popup in your mind. The more time the audience sees or heard about the advertisement is more easily to remember than he or she heard once in a life time. Examples of media tools that can be used are by television, radio, newspapers and Youtube advertisement thats play first before showing the actual video content.

World Today :: essays papers

World Today The world today, more than ever, is a steadly shrinking planet, as new technology allows us to cross boundaries and attempt feats that were once only dreams of science fiction novelists. Yet, even as progress roots out old ways of life, and new technology makes obsolete time honored traditions, we never lose sight of the rich cultures to which our earth is home. Even today, the world is still a colorful and vibrant place, filled with a myriad of exotic cultures, each with its own unique and enthralling history and traditions. It is this increasing charm and fascination with the ancient that invariably draws the curiosity of outsiders. This fact has even permeated itself throughout my life. No matter where I go and wherever I end up, there is always some measure of curiosity concerning the other hemisphere of the world. Before and especially following any significant trip, I repeatedly face the same line of inquiry, â€Å"What is the Middle East like?†. To this question I have often respond with a casual and simple answer, â€Å"It’s okay†. Upon my return from the Middle East this past summer however, I began to feel this response horriblyinsufficient, and I decided to contemplate a more meaningful answer. I quickly came across amental block as I started thinking to myself, how could I ever possibly convey the sights, the sounds and the feelings of this region, so vibrant and culturally rich, to anyone who has not had the fortune to see it for themselves? Despite these difficulties, I began to draft my thoughts. In an attempt to bring in perspective the rich and inspiring heritage of the region, I progressively began to picture my most recent vacation to Arabia, and letting my memories take charge, I began describing to the best of my ability t he highlights of my trip. Dawn crept up sluggishly the day I arrived in Saudi Arabia after my twenty-eight hour flight. After fighting, unsuccessfuly, for a few hours of some much needed sleep, I was just about to drift into doze off when the nearby mu’athin announced the dawn prayer, calling all faithful Muslims to their morning religious duty. Trying to turn over and sleep after an exhausting trip, I found my efforts compromised by the piercing bright desert sun that now edged over the horizon. Rousing myself from bed, I readied myself for the coming day, planing and imagining what each successive day would bring. Reintroducing myself to familiar sights, I noticed the same young boys from so

Richard Feynman :: biography biographies bio

Early Years * Richard Phillips Feynman was born May 11, 1918 to Melville and Lucille Feynman. His sister, Joan, followed later, March 31, 1928. * Richard's life was charted for science before he was even born. Melville decided while the child was still in the womb that if the baby was a boy he would grow up to be a scientist. Richard, in fact, was a boy and his precocious young mind caught on quickly to his father's earliest scientific teaching. His father's practice of teaching Richard to ask investigative questions began a lifetime devoted to the wonder and mystery of the universe. * It was this process, learned early in life, of questioning and observing, the classic scientific method, that Richard credited his discoveries by. As he stated in an address to science teachers in 1966, " I think it is very important--at least it was to me--that if you are going to teach people to make observations, you should show that something wonderful can come from them. I learned then what science was about: it was patience. If you looked, and you watched, and you paid attention, you got a great reward from it--although possibly not every time. As a result, when I became a more mature man, I would painstakingly, hour after hour, for years, work on problems--sometimes many years, sometimes shorter times; many of them failing, lots of stuff going into the wastebasket--but every once in a while there was the gold of a new understanding that I had learned to expect when I was a kid, the result of observation. For I did not learn that observation was not worthwhile (What Is Sc ience?)." * In high school, Richard's aptitude for learning was most evident. He excelled at math, building a solid foundation for his physics career ahead. In fact, he won first prize in the New York University math competition in his final year in Far Rockaway high school (Wikipedia). * After high school, Richard continued his education at Massachusetts Institute of Technology graduating with a degree in physics in 1939 as well as receiving the pretigious Putnam Fellow reward (Wikipedia). As an undergraduate, Feynman took every physics course offered at the university. He then continued his education, moving on to Princeton to study for his Ph.D. Once again, Feynman showed his facility with all things mathematical, receiving a perfect score on the mathematical and physics portion of the Princeton entrance exam.

The Use of Deconstruction in Public Policy Formation Essay -- Problem

Deconstruction is a poststructural theory that has been applied with good results to such areas as Anthropology, Architecture, Critical Legal Studies, Graphic Design, and Literary Criticism. Our purpose is to introduce it into the practice of consulting in general, and public policy formation in particular. Several features of the recent work of Jacques Derrida (the Philosopher responsible for deconstruction) are relevant to our design of a Problem Tour. Problem A deconstructive approach to problem solving puts in question the concept of "problem" and the notion of "solution." "Problema can signify projection or protection, that which one poses or throws in front of oneself, either as the projection of a project, of a task to accomplish, or as the protection created by a substitute, a prosthesis that we put forth in order to represent, replace, shelter, or dissimulate ourselves, or so as to hide something unavowable--like a shield (problema also means shield, clothing as barrier or guard-barrier) behind which one guards oneself in secret or in shelter in case of danger. Every border is problematic in these two senses" (Derrida, 1993: 11-12). An allegorical definition of the effect of problem as shield is the scene in which the ghost of Hamlet's father, a "revenant," appears in full armor on the ramparts of Elsinor. The definition involves the fusion of a series of terms: advice, advise, adviser, advisory, visor. "To feel ourselves seen by a look which it will always be impossible to cross, that is the visor effect on the basis of which we inherit from the law. Since we do not see the one who sees us, and who makes the law, who delivers the injunction; since we do not see the one who orders 'swear,' we cannot identify i... ...ames the essence of tragedy. This dynamic continues today, and is the reason for the "urgency" of the emerAgency. WORKS CITED Benitez-Rojo, Antonio (1996), THE REPEATING ISLAND: THE CARIBBEAN AND THE POSTMODERN PERSPECTIVE, 2nd Ed., Trans. James E. Maraniss (Duke). Derrida, Jacques (1993), APORIAS, trans. Thomas Dutoit (Stanford). ____________ (1994), SPECTRES OF MARXS: THE STATE OF THE DEBT, THE WORK OF MOURNING, AND THE NEW INTERNATIONAL, trans. Peggy Kamuf (Routledge). ____________ (1997), POLITICS OF FRIENDSHIP, trans. George Collins (Verso). Peters, F. E. (1967), GREEK PHILOSOPHICAL TERMS: A HISTORICAL LEXICON (New York University). Poundstone, William (1992), PRISONER'S DILEMMA: JOHN VON NEUMANN, GAME THEORY, AND THE PUZZLE OF THE BOMB (Doubleday) Ventura, Michael, "Hear That Long Snake Moan," in SHADOW DANCING IN THE USA (Tarcher, 1985).

Types of Friends

Classification Final Draft Types of Friends When I was a child, my parents raised me and my siblings to appreciate various kinds of friends. There are three types of friends I know of in this lifetime. I classify them according to how well they know me. We make friends or encounter them as we go every day. My first type of friends are called â€Å"pest friend†. They are my acquaintance, or in other words I only know them by their name.I may not remember what they might look like if I go away for a short period of time. Usually, I meet these types of friends at school, at work, at a store or anywhere I would be. Next, I call them my â€Å"guest friends† or social partners. These sorts of friends I don’t talk too often. We would go out and at the end of the night we go our separate ways. Last, but no least, I have what it’s called â€Å"best friend†. They are always there when I need someone to talk to or when I’m down.They know me as a person and are always there with me through thick and thin, regardless of how bad things may seem. I am able to trust them with my problems. I don’t have to think twice about anything when I share with her. They never judge or criticize me, but are able to give me great advice or tell me something positive to encourage me and keep my head up high. Friends come in all different shapes and sizes: meaning they are all different. That’s why we categorize our friends. They all have a purpose to serve in one’s life. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends. Types of friends As explained by the Spanish Proverb. Friends are an Indispensable part of our life. They help us understand new things. They enhance our self-esteem because they think we're the best, because we matter to them. We don't need to pretend in front of them, just show the real personality. We all have friends. However, different people have different tastes and viewpoints to make different types of friends. In a questionnaire answered from† World of Reading 3†³ by Eileen K. Blab, people identified the qualities of making rinds and the most important Is a friend keeping confidences.A sense of humor followed closely. Good conversationalist Is the less valued quality. In general, throughout our lives we come across many types of friends: convenience friends, friend's of friends, online friends and close friends. Convenience friends usually are our neighbors or classmates who live close to us. These are the people we exchange some small articles of daily use. They will lend us thei r salt when we run out of it. They will ask us if we want to go shopping with them. They will aka care of our pets when we go on vacation for a week.And, when we have visitors, they let us park at their garage. We do these for them also. However, we won't come very close or tell too much. We may have their faceable or MS, but conversation is rarely started, unless we talk about weather or colleagues â€Å"It's a beautiful day, isn't it? † â€Å"How is your new company? Are you satisfied with the current salary? â€Å"something about ordinary greetings. Thus, convenience friends benefit from each other, but are not usually very close. My friends are friends with your friends so I guess ere friends, too. These kinds of friends are all about connecting people.I am sure most people know what that means. I have Introduced my friend who Is going to CBS to a friend who already was a CBS student. After a period of time, they meet and know each other. Soon, their circle goes on with their other circles of friends. This kind of phenomenon always happens in big social gatherings, such as parties. We will have a lot of fun together, have delicious food and exorbitant wine. Adversely, we usually chat for an hour or so, and then the conversation Is over. Conversation will continue even If they have nothing much to say to each other.If we meet on the street, the conversation would only last for a few minutes. I'd start with† Hey, what a coincidence, what are you doing here? ‘ and end with a â€Å"Okay, see you. † But I never really want to see them because I wouldn't take a time to drink coffee or eat dinner. In short, this kind of friends wont open hearts to each other. Teenagers now spend a lot of time on the internet, it has become a regular occurrence to get acquainted with online friends. This is the most uncommon type of rinds, however, they can also be the most precious.Simply Just because you all are strangers, you can pour your feeling ou t to them without any worries. â€Å"Those who know us well want details and specifics; strangers allow us to operate more vaguely on a cosmic scale. You can only say ‘l feel like Vie known you for years' to someone you have not known for years. â€Å"(From Roger Bert- Lost in translation). I used to have online friends who I almost everyday talk with. I wouldn't feel uncomfortable talking with them. In contrast, I told them all my happiness and sorrow. You can not Imagine topped talking, and life still goes on.So, these kind of friends are more like passers- by. Last, no doubt close friends is the best category of all kinds of friends. These people contribute anything for us. They can make the winter feel warmer, the sky more clear, the water sweeter because they are there. In addition, close friends take care of us. They can skip the class to come and see us when we tell them we are sick. They lend us their money, bed, heart, time, everything they have. We feel absolutely reassured that we have them. When I was a little girl, I was living n a small countryside.I still remember when I caught fire flies with my friend, Inning Hang. We were together so often, like each other's shadows. One charming night fall, we ran and played in a vast farm. From land to the farm, it has a slope with woods, so we would play on the slide. Ironically, we would both fall into a waterway and came home with our clothes all mucked up. My mom was shocked, and she asked me where I had gone and why I was like that. I decided to take of all the blame. The next morning she told me she did it in same way. That was a great impressive friendship.To summarize, each type of friends brings us diverse Joy. Convenience friends bring a lot convenience to us; friend's friends make us have a greater social hub; we can pour all our worry out to online friends; close friends always stand right next to us although many other people come and go. Sometimes we get problem that we can not solve a nd they are also the best candidate to help us. Treat wholeheartedly friends, greet people with a smile from the heart and we will receive the same in return. Indeed, for feeling at ease, for comfort, for support- not according to blood but to friends.

Business Law Answer Key

Business Law Answer Key This is a comprehensive key to all the questions, including some chapters which we did not cover. You are responsible only for chapters on the syllabus. Ch. 1 A. 3 B. 5 C. 1 D. 2 E. 4 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. B 7. D 8. D 9. A 10. E Ch. 3 A. 5 B. 4 C. 2 D. 1 – 3 E. 3 – 1 †¢ Interrogatories is a pretrial procedure involving written questions to be signed under oath †¢ Deposition is a pretrial procedure involving oral questions answered under oath 1.F 2. F 3. T 4. T- F 5. T †¢ About one half of all lawsuits settle before trail -) True †¢ In a lawsuit for money damages, both the plaintiff and the defendant are generally entitled to a jury. -) True 6. E 7. D 8. C 9. C 10. D Ch. 4 A. 5 B. 6 C. 1 D. 2 E. 3 F. 4 †¢ Stare Decisis – The rule that requires courts to decide cases based on the precedent †¢ Promulgate- The act an administrative agency creating a new rule 1. T 2. F- T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. F The due process c lause requires that any citizen is entitled to a jury trial before any right or property interest is taken -) False †¢ Administrative agencies play an advisory role in the life of many industries but do not have the legal authority to enforce their opinions. -) False 7. D 8. B 9. C 10. D 11. C 12. B †¢ If Colorado passes a hotel tax of 8 percent for Colorado residents and 15 percent for out of state visitors. The new law is void, based on the commerce clause. †¢ Which of these is an example of judicial review? A federal court declares a statute unconstitutional †¢ What is an example of a subpoena?A court order requiring a deponent to answer questions. Ch. 5 – Perfect!!!!!!! A. 4 B. 3 C. 6 D. 2 E. 1 F. 7 G. 5 1. F 2. F (not enough information; battery for sure) 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. C 10. C Ch. 6 A. 3 B. 5 C. 1 D. 2 E. 4 1. F 2. T (depends in which state – state law differs on this point) 3. F 4. T-F 5. T 6. F Some states are comparative n egligence states but the majorities are contributory negligence states. -) False A landowner might be liable if a dinner guest fell on a broken porch step but not liable if a trespasser fell on the same place. ) True 7. C 8. D 9. D 10. C Ch. 7 A. 5 B. 1 (this seems to be the best choice, although the definition sounds more like the Anti-Money Laundering Act rather than RICO, which was originally passed to combat organized crime). C. 4 D. 6 E. 3 F. 2 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F †¢ Corporate officers can be convicted of crimes: corporation they cannot be -) False †¢ An affidavit is the government’s formal charge of criminal wrongdoing. †¢ Affidavit- a written statement signed under oath 6. D 7. E 8. A 9. A- E 10. B A prosecutor concerned that he may lack sufficient evidence to obtain a conviction may agree to an affidavit. †¢ Professor asks Janice, his teaching assistant to please drive the professor’s car to the repair shop. Janice gets in and drives, n ot to the garage, but 1,400 miles farther west to Las Vegas. Janice has committed Embezzlement. Ch. 9 A. 4 (this is how the textbook defines implied contracts, but keep in mind that if you spell out the terms of a contract, this is going to be an express contract; an implied contract is one which can be inferred from the conduct of the parties) B. 5 C. 3 D. 1 E. †¢ Implied contract- An agreement based on words and actions of the parties †¢ Consideration- Bargaining that leads to an exchange between the parties †¢ Liquidated debt- a debt in which the amount is undisputed. †¢ Bilateral contract- a common law principle requiring the acceptance to be on exactly the terms of the offer. 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. F 6. A (although E seems ok to me as well) 7. C (although A seems ok to me as well, but perhaps not enough facts are provided, so C is the better answer) 8. E 9. C- E 10. E Abdul hires Sean to work in his store, and agrees to pay him $9 an hour.  Control Key and Word – Text and Graphics.This agreement is governed by the UCC-)False †¢ If someone makes and offer and that person puts another offer on the table, they are rejecting the offer. Ch. 10 A. 3(intent is just one of the elements to prove fraud) B. 4 C. 5 D. 1 E. 2 Part Performance- Entry onto land, or improvements made to it, by a buyer who has no written contract Exculpatory Clause- a contract clause intended to relieve one party from potential tort liability 1. T 2. F 3. T- F 4. T 5. T 6. F †¢ Non compete clauses are suspect because they tend to restrain free trade. -) True 7.B 8. A 9. D 10. A 11. C 12. D †¢ If people are buying and selling a house and neither party has copy of the emails, they still have the parties still have a binding contract for the sale of Louise’s House. †¢ You drive up to a fancy restaurant and hand your car keys to the valet . You have created a Baliment. †¢ Bailment: giving possession and control of personal property to another person. CH. 16 A. 3 B. 4 C. 1 D. 5 E. 2 1. T-F 2. F-T 3. F 4. F-T 5. T †¢ A principal is always liable on a contract, whether he is fully disclosed, unidentified or undisclosed. ) True †¢ When a contract goes wrong, a third party can always recover damages from the agent, whether the principal is fully disclosed, unidentified, or undisclosed. -) False †¢ An agent may never act for two principals whose interest conflict-) false 6. B 7. C 8. B-D 9. C 10. A-none Someone painting the outside of a building you own crashed through a window, injuring a visiting executive. Which of the following questions would our lawyer not need to ask to determine if the painter was your employee? Had you checked the painter’s references?Which of the following activities committed by an agent is not likely to create liability for the principal. A car accident while driving to work. Ch. 17 A. 4 B. 6 C. 5 D. 2 E. 1 F. 3 1. F 2. F 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8. F 9. F 10. E 11. A 12. B 13. C 14. E 15. A CH. 18 A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 2 E. 5 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. B 7. E 8. D 9. D 10. B CH. 20 A. 2 B. 5 C. 4 D. 1 E. 3 1. F 2. T 3. T 4. F 5. F 6. C 7. A 8. D 9. C 10. C CH. 22 A. 4 B. 5 C. 3 D. 1 E. 2 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. D 7. C 8. B 9. B 10. C CH. 25 A. 4 B. 3 C. 5 D. 1 E. 2 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T 6. B 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. A